Abstract
This case study briefly explores the steps taken in creating a hybrid college course at Appalachian State University. The article includes a synopsis, project results, and recommendations for others interested in hybrid learning.

Biography
Gordon Hensley holds a B.S. degree in K-12 Theatre Education, and a M.F.A. in Theatre. He has been teaching college for six years and currently serves as faculty and theatre education coordinator at Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina.

The Challenge and the Solution
This case study takes place in the Department of Theatre & Dance at Appalachian State University (ASU). As a host of a popular humanities class, Introduction to Theatre, the department is regularly faced with many students and limited space. Every section of this entry-level class fills quickly. In addition to offering core curriculum classes, the Department of Theatre & Dance also conducts more specific classes for theatre majors and dance minors. The available classrooms carry a day-long load of students every semester. When the supply could no longer meet the demand last year, 2004, I proposed a solution. I suggested creating a hybrid version of Introduction to Theatre that met in person only a few times during lunch. This case study briefly explores the project results and recommendations for others interested in hybrid learning.

While working with Mesa Community College in 2002 I was introduced to an Online teaching tool, WebCT. At the time, many people were frightened by the new technology and of entrusting an entire class to the Internet, so there was an incentive to participate. Thanks to that incentive I was coaxed into the training and learned to use what has now become one of my best teaching tools. At ASU, my current place of employment, WebCT is on the school server and all teachers have access to it. Many colleges have license to use this program, or similar software like Blackboard. Since the school had WebCT in place, I proposed to create a hybrid version of this class that would meet during the lunch hour, four times throughout the semester. I wanted to meet the class in person at least a few times as a safety net. Chris Dede, professor of learning technologies at Harvard University's Graduate School of Education, says that "a strong case is beginning to be made on the basis of research evidence that many students learn better online than face-to-face, and therefore a mixture is the best way. What proportion that mixture should be would vary from course to course." By meeting during the traditional lunch break there was no room schedule conflict. There was suddenly a virtual space for fifty additional students. The chair of the department was hesitant to schedule the class because she thought it meant a lighter work load, but was very much pleased by the alternative solution. She scheduled the class and I began deeper research and course development.

There are several theories in support of hybrid learning and ample supporting research available. If you are interested in creating a hybrid course, this research makes an easy sell for the most part. To date, two institutions, University of Central Florida and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, have conducted comprehensive examinations of hybrid course effectiveness. Their research offers much more than this article has room to include. However, here are a few points of interest:

Faculty participants in hybrid course instruction at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee "almost universally report their students learned more in the Hybrid format than they did in the traditional class sections" ("Hybrid"). In fact, instructors stated that hybrid-enrolled "students wrote better papers, performed better on exams, produced higher quality projects, and were capable of more meaningful
discussions on course material" (Garnham and Kaleta).

Data from the University of Central Florida indicates, "students in hybrid courses achieve better grades than students in traditional face-to-face courses or totally online courses" (Garnham and Kaleta).

Furthermore, hybrid courses have lower withdrawal rates than do fully online courses, and student retention in hybrids is "equivalent" to that of traditional courses (Garnham and Kaleta).

Additionally, Chuck Dziuban, director of the Research Initiative for Teaching Effectiveness at the University of Central Florida, says that his office's research shows that student success rates in hybrid courses on the Central Florida campus are "equivalent or slightly superior" to face-to-face courses, and that the hybrid courses have lower dropout rates than do fully online courses.

In creating the hybrid course material, I thought it logical to start with my existing curriculum. From there, I looked a current Online or "distance" learning courses as they are also called and began to garner the features I liked from them. Luckily, ASU has a great technology support staff that offers training in WebCT and other applications. After a few of these workshops covering Macromedia's Dreamweaver and WebCT, I was ready build Introduction to Theatre, the hybrid. Using Dreamweaver I created a simple web site of materials to be covered. Dividing the content into four modules made the course seem more approachable. However, this four-module site was not published. Instead, it was copied to a CD-ROM and given to students in the class, thus, allowing them to view the materials regardless of their Internet connectivity. I then created some collaboration opportunities within the WebCT interface. This included discussion posts, live chats, and personal student web pages. I also housed the quizzes and assignments for the class in WebCT so they could be accessed at any time, and so students could view their progress and grades at their convenience. Because of this, the students were required to have access to the Internet to submit materials to be graded.

Many students are technologically savvy, but at the same time, many are scared of technology. This was a consideration in designing the hybrid. The course was designed to be navigated with ease, and to provide perpetual learner support. When I decided to test the project, I sent a letter to each student explaining what was going to happen. It seemed like I was not asking too much of the class: peruse a web site, come to a few lectures, write two critiques, interact Online, and take a few tests. Over the next fourteen weeks, we did all of these things. It was exploratory, new, and very exciting for all of us.

Results of the Project
The end result of the hybrid class was a hodgepodge of successes with a few failures. The course ran very much like a regular one. My personal Email load was intense, but at the same time created a personal exchange with myself and each student. A few students had difficulty with the technology, so I walked them through the course. Others blasted through with no problems at all. I learned students by their chat names and Email addresses rather than their faces. This was an interesting "first." I also spent much more time on this class and on individual communication than I had in any face-to-face class. Surprisingly, this actually was a greater workload than an in-person class. I was sure to share that with the department chair in my end of semester review.

Successes included a student being able to attend class without having to drive forty-five miles each way, a non-traditional student feeling "normal" because his classmates could not see him in person, and a first-time parent being able to care for his newborn and attend class simultaneously.

The failures in the course might be considered as not seeing your instructor in person very often, not building a physical community, and a few students performing poorly in the class. Whether this slump was due to technology or student error is unknown. These might have been the ones that need the perpetual push rather than autonomy. Five students failed the class. Forty-five passed with A's and B's. This grade distribution combined with student feedback leads me to believe that the failing students might have failed even if the class were "traditional." Student feedback was overall positive, and included the following comments:

The set up of the course is wonderful; This class let me learn at my own pace; I think that the online/in person learning was a good experience and helped me to learn to allocate my time better; I found it very simple to follow!; I think this course is great the way it is. He used GREAT tools in the class; I felt that the class was put together very well. Also my Professor was very helpful and kept the class engaged; This class can be as easy or as difficult as you would like.

After the class ran for one semester, I decided that it would be worthwhile to submit the course for professional feedback. Student feedback is important and certainly telling, but I was curious to hear what a hybrid professional might say. I entered a yearly contest held by WebCT and was reviewed by the WebCT exemplary course evaluation team. I did not win an award, but overall they were seemingly pleased with the course. Their feedback offered more specific criticism, "The course space is visually appealing, well organized, and comprehensive. Content, assignment and assessments tie together logically and seamlessly. There is an excellent use of multi-media and graphical content. The instructor makes himself accessible at every level of the course space."

The evaluation team also made suggestions for improvement. They recommended soliciting deeper reflection from students. They argued that much of the theatre experience is shared, and that chatting and attending productions together might not have been the best way to develop a community. I am still thinking about how to create more collaboration between class members.

Overall, I received a rating of "accomplished: excellent implementation; comparable to other examples." They closed their feedback by saying, "The site is engaging, easy to navigate and view and logically constructed. The technology truly seems to be used in a supportive fashion, as opposed to technology for technology's sake." After months of learning and designing the course I felt as if I earned a "B." This has renewed my interest in making the course better. The class is scheduled again for next semester, and as my development of the course continues, I hope to enter the contest again.

Suggestions for Others
This experience has encouraged me to write this article as a vehicle to share with you some suggestions on course development. There is certainly an interest in more research on how to compile web-based materials for modern learners, and ways to create reflective and collaborative learning Online. I might even propose that some courses would not lend themselves to becoming Online or hybrid versions of the original. There are certainly pros and cons to both sides of the debate. Either way, this trend is probably here to stay, and hopefully administrators will understand the true interactivity of a web-based course sooner than later.
If you are creating a course or are considering hybrid learning, the following areas are helpful as starting points. I close by offering specific lists of suggestions on course design, interaction/collaboration, technology, assessment, and learner support.

Course design and content.
1. Note in the published class listing that the class is a hybrid, and list the required meeting dates and times
2. Write objectives/learning outcomes at the appropriate level
3. Clearly convey objectives/learning outcomes in the syllabus and in each module
4. Make content available to students in manageable segments (modules)
5. Present the content in a logical, sequential manner
6. Make content available internally (CDROM) and externally (Internet)
7. Enhance content with technology and WebCT, Blackboard, etc. tools
8. Utilize visual and auditory stimuli
9. Make ancillary resources available Online or at a mutually convenient location (library)
10. Create the content so it is as demanding as face-to-face time
11. Invite students to participate in course evaluation
12. Address accessibility issues from the start

Interaction/collaboration.
1. Clarify expectations of student participation
2. Indicate instructor response time on personal messages and grading assignments
3. Deliberate attempt to make a learning community via group projects and activities
4. Use collaborative tools such as discussion boards, chat rooms, instant messenger, email, student web pages, etc.

Technology.
1. Enable analysis and reflection of content
2. Use communication tools to elaborate on course content
3. Require technology in assignments and explain how to use the technology
4. Use technology is for purpose, not just for show
5. Consider student connectivity issues - make content available in different formats, and on a CDROM
6. Try to be creative in the use of multiple technologies together

Assessment.
1. Create assignments that encourage students to think critically, not just to use rote memorization
2. Align assignments with stated course objectives
3. Provide opportunities for students to apply concepts and skills they have learned
4. Create a use for external resources such as printed materials and the Internet
5. Clearly communicate the assignments with length requirements, formatting, etc.
6. Direct students to specific web sites to use, and sites to not use
7. Use built-in quiz features that are tied to course objectives
8. Provide the opportunity for self-assessment

Learner Support.
1. Email students reminders and expectations before the class begins
2. Link to tutorials on applications such as Email, using the Internet, etc.
3. Link to resources for writing, grammar, etc.
4. Link to the instructor, to the school's help desk, and to WebCT's help page
5. Link to tools required for the course such as plug-ins
6. Make your contact information and communication means clear on all materials

References

Cerniglia, Connie. "Hybrid Instruction Soars at Guilford Technical Community College." Creating a Virtual Learning Community. 4.2 (Winter 2002-03): 2-3.

"Compensating Faculty for Online Instruction." Academic Leader. 18.9 (September 2002): 7

Garnham, Carla, and Robert Kaleta. "Introduction to Hybrid Courses." Teaching with Technology Today. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 8.6. March 20, 2002.
http://www.uwsa.edu/ttt/articles/garnham.htm October 28, 2002

"Guide #9: Distance Education: Research." Distance Education at a Glance. Engineering Outreach. University of Idaho. June 10, 2001. http://www.uidaho.edu/eo/dist9.html February 3, 2003.

"Guide #2: Strategies for Teaching at a Distance." Distance Education at a Glance. Engineering Outreach. University of Idaho. June 10, 2001. http://www.uidaho.edu/eo/dist2.html February 3, 2003.

"Hybrid Courses Advantages." Hybrid Course Web Site. University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee. http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/LTC/hybrid-courses-advantages.html October 28, 2002

Sands, Peter. "Inside Outside, Upside Downside: Strategies for Connecting Online and Face-to-Face Instruction in Hybrid Courses." Teaching with Technology Today. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 8.6. March 20, 2002. http://www.uwsa.edu/ttt/articles/sands2.htm October 28, 2002

Spilka, Rachel. "Approximately 'Real World' Learning with the Hybrid Model." Teaching with Technology Today. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 8.6. March 20, 2002.
http://www.uwsa.edu/ttt/articles/spilka.htm October 28, 2002

Young, Jeffrey. "Hybrid Teaching Seeks to End Divide between Traditional and Online Instruction." The Chronicle of Higher Education. March 22, 2002.
http://chronicle.com/free/v48/I28/28a03301.htm October 28, 2002