2 Dec 2019

(Sociology of) Sex and Gender

SOC-UA 21

Robert Max Jackson




~~~ Gender Autobiographical Term Paper ~~~
~~~ Working Full Draft Feedback ~~~

~~~ Term Paper ~~~  
~~~Draft Feedback ~~~



The table below shows the assessments for the autobiography term papers.


ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
06D3D okay / fairly good okay / fairly good okay okay / fairly good This draft shows potential, with a promising underlying theme, some effective biographical narratives, and some good efforts at explanation. Yet, it remains a series of disconnected episodes and arguments - and these do not seem compelling because their interpretations rely too much on vague generalizations and offhand explanations. For example, the revisions should reconsider or reevaluate the first biographical event. The logic of the argument presented about rules representing sexualized children does not seem to hold up. The international comparison invoked in the narrative suggests that the variation in the relevant rules about child appearance across countries is entirely unrelated to the degree of gender inequality and the overall sexualization of women. So, how can we make the suggested inference about the significance of the event? Also, the narrative suggesting a range of lasting, deep identity effects of a three-year old's brief experience may seem good rhetoric, but it is causally implausible. It is an amusing story about variation in cultural rules governing decorum, but it says little about gender. From the description, the parental response and retelling of the story seem much more consequential than the original event, and the explanation for this parental behavior is a whole different problem. For another example of problematic causal statements, asserting that "grownups" don't understand teens' concerns with weight because things used to be different seems ill advised - note that Wolf's book on the Beauty Myth was published in 1990. The readings for this class include material showing that female teen weight issues go back decades. The paper also inserts comments about "all women" or "men" in ways that make them sound like more like stereotypes than critical, analytical assertions. The use of statistical data in the paper is very good, but it creates an odd contrast with the places where nebulous generalizations appear. The paper would benefit greatly by including a greater breadth and depth of course material, especially to support the causal claims, such as when it states, "Our society as a whole shows these behaviors...". We also want to emphasize the importance of using proper citations (especially when quoting). ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
15E52 very poor very poor very poor very poor ….. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
17AE7 fairly good fairly good / good fairly good fairly good / good This paper has some good pieces of biographical analysis but it lacks direction and spends too much time and energy bypassing biographical analysis in favor of discussing ideas. The discussion of ideas is largely well done, but much of it is not a biographical analysis, which is the goal of this piece. The paper does not really get to the biography until page 4. Why? Collapse those first several pages into 1 or 2 paragraphs, keep the references to (and discussions of) the scholarly arguments until the paper reach places where their inclusion makes greater sense as a contribution to analyzing the biography. While there is no reason to avoid how a biography may include a lot of the typical influences and outcomes of gender socialization, these parts can be shortened and focused because they are largely repeating the ordinary and predictable. At the same time, these descriptions of the typical tend to neglect how one person's experiences and development differ from others, because (1) social circumstances (such as class) differ, (2) specific circumstances induce one to respond distinctively, (3) the relevant causal conditions leave considerable room for varied adaptation. The paper will benefit from using a wider range of the scholarly materials, but particularly from using them to enhance parts of the analysis rather than providing them as preludes. Also, do try to formulate a clear theme and organizational structure. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
2131B okay / fairly good good fairly good / good good / very good This draft has a strong and effective theme supported by evocative biographical narratives. The effort that went into this draft is evident and it shows a good awareness of the role of gender and its relevance in the a life trajectory. It does a good job connecting to scholarly arguments, although it would benefit from broadening the scope of the arguments included and exploring some of the ideas more fully. The portrait of conditions provoking conformity to a particular cultural form of gender identity and the costs involved is good, but could become stronger by showing how it influenced relationships to both sexes and to members of the author's own sex who did not acquire the same sense of gender identity. Another strategy one might consider would be to compare people who were in the same cultural environment, but responded differently (obviously those of the opposite sex, but also people who shared the same sex) because they faced somewhat divergent influences or they "chose" an alternative "solution" to the shared circumstances. The introduction could be a little more conceptual and more clearly put forth some of the themes that are dominant in the paper throughout, rather than being quite so formal. Also, for the final version, it would be a good idea to get another pair of eyes to do a read through and help with proofreading. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
33876 fairly good fairly good / good Nearing okay fairly good / good The paper has an interesting theme, although its self-characterization is somewhat awkward, and shows considerable promise for becoming a good paper. Essentially it concerns the distinction between motives, attitudes, and behaviors that are unrecognized and those that are salient; unfortunately it couches the distinction in words that imply an opposition and that neglect the gradations in between. The words used in the paper, such as "unconscious" evoke connotations that are misleading and seem to pull the paper away from ideas that could propel it to a higher quality. This difficulty could probably be overcome by framing the process in terms of becoming increasingly aware and sophisticated in that awareness. This would help avoid the causal murkiness of some claims made with reference to the "unconscious". The reliance on these dichotomous concepts also produces an awkward sense that people jump from one state to the other without consideration that you are really talking about a continuum from a place where something is entirely unrecognized to another place where it is fully perceived and understood and paid attention to. Recognizing the path along this continuum is critical for a causal analysis that would try to explain what causes salience (or its absence) and what are the effects of being at different locations on the continuum. The critical how and why. The paper also would be stronger if it moved away from simple explanations - such as relying on single events or stereotypes (the stereotypes held by "progressive" people are no less stereotypes) - for behaviors, beliefs, and changes in them. (If you have trouble "seeing" the stereotypes, look for places where characteristics, motives, or typical behaviors are associated with categories of people.) Think more about the mechanism, the processes that connect causes and effects. Using the scholarly materials more broadly and mining them more for relevant ideas should help with this. Also, the paper would benefit from a deeper analysis of what the theme tells us about the development of your gender identity compared to that of others. How does the issue of salience relate to other issues about gender identity? Also, note that many aspects of adult life might be said to follow the arc change the paper describes for gender - so, how and why does this arc have a different meaning with respect to gender and what is the significance of this change? ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
47C1B okay / fairly good okay / fairly good Nearing okay fairly good / good This draft is a fair start, but it needs considerable development. The first of the two biographical episodes is simply your first weekly paper and the analysis in it is ineffective. The basic cultural interpretation of gender stereotypes puts males in charge of work groups and leaves females in a subservient role. Nurturing is not interpreted as leadership or responsibility for a joint work product. The second episode is potentially more straightforward, but the narrative provides no evidence that the events actually represent actions motivated by gender stereotypes or bias - even where equality reigns, females and males will both often lose to the other sex . To strengthen the paper we would like to see enough biographical material to have a sense of gender identity development, not just a couple unrelated incidents, a theme and argument to organize the material, and substantial connections to the scholarly literature we have read this semester. The paper shows a good command of writing skill and has a nice voice. In terms of mechanics, some of the citations need to be properly formatted, including the use of specific pages even for things that have been paraphrased. In terms of demonstrating knowledge of the course materials, remember that we strive for breadth and depth. While the paper has some depth for those areas where it brings in readings, it should draw on a wider range of materials and ideas. This will likely become easier once the biographical material gains significantly. Also, the paper has included causal claims that are announced rather than explained; it will become much stronger if it adequately follows through in describing how that causality occurs (and why). ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
62671 Nearing okay okay okay fairly good / good The draft has a consistent theme, some good biographical narratives, and some thoughtful insights. Yet, it remains somewhat adrift, more testimonial than analysis. This draft suggests a high level of writing skill and good analytical abilities that are not being much used here. The presentation comes across as sincere, revealing, and honest, which gives it impact. But it skirts some critical questions. How would this biographical journey have differed if the author were born the opposite sex? What circumstances and experiences might explain why this identity journey differs considerably from the journeys of many others who have faced similar family and cultural conditions (for example, class, historical context, or regional culture)? Also, this draft neglects quite a bit of relevant scholarly material we have covered in class; connect it should help considerably with developing the analysis. Besides drawing on a wider range of course materials, the paper should also strive to unpack the causal mechanisms that apply to the biographical materials, linking A to B (for example). That is not to say that the paper should recap the full arguments from which it draws; however, most concepts require more than a sentence or two to be fully explained. It would als- help the paper to tidy up the structure of the paper a bit more. Introduction, conclusion, thesis and all that. This is important for an analytical paper! ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
7F568 fairly good / good good / very good fairly good / good very good This is a very skillfully written draft with compelling biographical sketches and a strong component of critical self-examination. It remains, however, rather episodic and it is difficult to identify a clear analytical goal. Becoming more systematic would help. For example, what is the sequence of groups who have influence over this time period? When, how, and why did each displace or join those from before? Who else might we expect to have had important effects, such as family and school, how did their effects interact with those of peers or why weren't they more influential? What social conditions account for experiences that differ from the typical (or that match the typical)? Did everyone in similar circumstances in this setting respond similarly or did some go in different directions? Why? How might the paper summarize the trajectory of gender developments it explores? Having contradictory or inconsistent (not really "dichotomous" (p. 3) personality characteristics and behavior is not uncommon, but the paper would benefit from more analysis about its meaning in the context of gender development. The discussion of teacher authority and gender appears analytically disjointed; it is not clear here what one has to do with the other. Note also that the fact of something in a person's early experiences having a gender component does not by itself make it consequential for that person's gender identity development; that needs to be shown. The use of scholarly materials was limited and not as analytically driven as we would hope. We would like to see more in-depth consideration and elaboration of the readings, particularly with a focus on developing the how/why of various causal claims. Solving some of the issues mentioned here should produce a clearer agenda, and the paper would benefit from establishing that agenda in the introduction and using it consistently to provide an organizational structure to the paper. Also, the peer reviews of this paper merit careful attention. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
83A91 weak Nearing okay weak okay This paper has some interesting biographical material. This draft does not yet really give us a coherent biographical story and the revisions should aim to use the course materials more effectively. Too much of this draft involves discussions of people and circumstances that do not further a biographical narrative or analysis. While the parts are presented as representing a chronological sequence, the parts do not fit together as a sequence even if they are in chronological order. They do not show a cumulative development, they are not connected to each other, and they do develop a picture of someone who is the culmination of these influences or what future they might have. The paper needs more references to the scholarly materials and these references should seem less arbitrary and more selected to bolster or motivate an analytic argument. Note that we cannot infer that a person acquiring characteristics of masculinity or femininity has any specific motivation for doing so without some specific evidence; mostly, we are just doing what we learn is expected. Children become "aware of my gender" at a very early age, so memories of gender becoming significant at a later age are about something else. Extended discussions of other people, such as parents or teachers or friends, are misplaced in our autobiographies. This gender autobiography is should be an analysis of one's own story, not other people's. Note that paragraphs multiple pages long are symptoms that we need to revise our prose. (This paper has also received some good peer reviews, so pay attention to those, especially the one that begins "The order that".) ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
8DC2C fairly good / good okay / fairly good okay / fairly good fairly good / good This draft offers a range of biographical narratives interspersed with sensible discussions of relevant scholarly arguments, all well written. The paper will become stronger if it receives a clearer and more analytical organization. As it is, the paper is showing how some patterns of behavior and the surrounding circumstances, at different ages, parallel what scholarly works suggest have been common patterns. The paper could do a better job showing us the "how" and "why" behind the circumstances and behaviors, with attention to the conflicting influences often competing for control, and analyzing how these experiences relate to each other over time to develop a gender identity. Keep in mind crucial comparisons: (1) how one would expect their experiences and responses differ from what they would have been had one been the opposite sex and how and (2) why one's gender development has sometimes differed from (and sometimes resembled) other people of the same sex. Note that the overall biographical narrative, the described trajectory of gender identity development, might stand out better if the discussions of scholarly materials were presented more as part of explaining the biography rather than separately. The paper could be more careful that the quotes/material used actually help make the claims they address. For example, the material used to rationalize the meaning of dressing too sexually isn't really providing a causal mechanism; it's describing characteristics. We want the paper to go further and really try to show how, for example, dressing too sexually is more masculine than feminine. A similar issue arises where the paper talks about categorical versus distributional differences. It presents a description of those concepts, which is good, but it could use more consideration how mistaking one for the other leads to certain outcomes, both in general and then as applied to this particular biography. Overall, the paper would benefit from applying more readings to the autobiography to make it more analytical and using these materials to examine how and why something helps explain the biographical experiences rather than showing a descriptive resemblance. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
9CAA1 very poor very poor very poor very poor ….. ***
AB7F5 okay fairly good / good okay good This draft displays a deft hand at writing and a good eye for biographical stories. It has a solid major theme and one or two minor themes that offer a strong basis for tying everything together and making an effective argument. Unfortunately, at this point the potential is unrealized as the overall organization of the paper is somewhat illusive, the themes appear and fall out of sight, and the parts are not systematically woven into the whole. Also, while the paper does a nice job on some of the ideas being discussed, it perhaps leans a bit too far in the direction of attempting general presentations of those ideas and references to the society as a whole, rather than making the ideas servants and guides for the biography. The paper also neglects a range of scholarly material that we read and that is directly relevant to the issues discussed in the paper and illustrated in the biographical details. An exceptional paper is lurking underneath the surface here and we would like to see it burst out. Remember that the paper should be both analytical and autobiographical. Parts of the paper now lose track of the autobiographical agenda, straying into a larger argument about the world more generally. Keep the story closer to home, so to speak. Sometimes the paper seems aimed at a larger agenda than will fit. This paper should bring analytical insight and more advanced thinking about gender to your biography and identity; it is not really an opportunity to critique the world and gender relations more broadly. That is not to say informed critique isn't good; rather, in this paper it's more important to focus on the analytical autobiography and then include general critique if it is possible to make it fit. And, again, the structure of the paper is a bit murky. It will help considerably to provide a clearer introduction to the intended organization at the beginning, including some sense of what the paper is trying to accomplish, including the overall thesis, and then to pursue this goal and organization systematically through to the end. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
B20DB weak fairly good / good okay good / very good The biographical narrative in this draft is exceptionally full and easy to read, providing a strong sense of the arc of this life so far. Obviously, it badly needs integration with a scholarly apparatus using the class materials to provide critical and analytical depth. It would also benefit from an overarching thematic argument. The chronological approach is fine and has a nice flow to it; however, try to think more conceptually about the themes overall to try to figure out a thesis that unifies the essay. Try to think much more deeply about the how and why things happened the way they did. What looks to be at the core of the trajectory from that now culturally distant beginning with the family of childhood through the changes that developed over years of exposure to others at school and experiments with them, through the still further divergence of experiences at NYU and the projected future? When considering how to connect to the scholarly ideas, do not focus only on the explanation of specific events or periods, but also consider how to give sense to the full history of biographical identity development. And everywhere, keep in mind the questions of how and why. Keep in mind that there should be some idea - both put forth at the beginning and reiterated at the end - about the 'so what'. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
BC2AC Nearing okay weak / Nearing okay weak / Nearing okay fairly good / good This is a well-written paper that sidesteps being autobiographical by focusing attention on parents. Although the story of the parents is interesting and well presented, their story is not the author's story. We do not get a clear view of the author's gender identity or what contributed to that identity. Nor is there much concern with causality. Yes, socialization by, and imitation of, parents tells us something about causes. But we have little sense how the author's gender identity reflects multiple influences, how it differs from others with similar parents, and how the inconsistencies in parental identities and behaviors were resolved (or not) in the author's identity and behavior. The use of class readings remains shaky. One might say that this is a good paper, but not good in a way that is sufficiently responsive to the goals of the analytical gender autobiography for this class. It would be a good idea to review ALL the guidelines online and take them into account in the revisions. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
BE274 fairly good / good fairly good / good okay / fairly good fairly good / good This draft provides some good biographical material and does a sustained effort to explore the difficulties and costs of trying to fulfill the expectations of a gender identity. Still, the paper remains too episodic, a compilation of largely unrelated stories. The paper does provide a good effort at organization with the section headings, but these cannot substitute for a consistent theme and connected arguments. We do not have a good sense how the resolution of identity conflicts at different points in time accumulated and influenced subsequent identity issues. The causal assertions are plausible beginnings, but seem repeatedly to select one influence over other possible ones without enough explanation or defense of that choice. The use of scholarly materials has a good beginning, but more of the materials covered in class apply to the issues in this paper and they could be used more thoughtfully. Note that it also might be worth asking if some aspects of your social circumstances over time made gender identity a more central issue for you than it was for many others, as your account seems to suggest. We want to see more connections and getting at the mechanisms responsible for things going the way they did (or didn't go in other ways). For example when talking about cat-calling, the paper says that such objectification forces women to look at their bodies from the perspective of a cat-caller. This claim would be better if it were supported with material from the readings and also subjected to more scrutiny as to why and how such objectification leads to this process. Also, we want to be wary of drawing on overused, banal ideas about the world. Remember that things result from causes, not some vague inevitability! If we want to claim it's not surprising that people might become focused on female bodies in a world where women are depicted on six-packs of beer, we need elaborate why this is, not leave it as if it were self-explanatory. The presence of some condition in a culture does not automatically cause some effect simply because it makes sense to us that they are connected. We have to provide an analysis defending the connections we claim. Try to really grapple with mechanisms and processes, bringing us through some of the more important ones. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
C96DD weak weak / Nearing okay weak / Nearing okay okay This draft is readable and has some relevant biographical narrative. Overall, however, it is limited. We need to see some more penetrating biographical narrative and considerably greater effort to assess the hows and whys that have contributed to your gender identity. The draft reads as a few biographical anecdotes strung together without much thought for conceptual organization. It would help to have a well-defined overall thesis made clear from the start. This would help organize the paper and provide readers an answer to the question, 'so what'. We also need to see much broader use of scholarly materials and more effective use of those materials to further the biographical analysis. The references should demonstrate a knowledge of a broad range of readings and show a depth of understanding about the causal mechanisms that they explain. This needs to happen much more in this paper for it to be adequate. The paper also needs a conclusion that draws together the pieces of biographical analysis, connects them to the original goal of the paper, and relates them to the scholarly arguments cited. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
D8087 weak / Nearing okay fairly good weak / Nearing okay Nearing okay / okay This draft has some good biographical sketches and thoughtful commentary and it is well written. However, it remains episodic and incomplete, it does not use class material effectively, and it does not have much organization or consistent theme. The paper presents some clear changes in gender identity over time, but does not go far enough on either the causes or effects, or how these changes accumulate over time. Some of the effort to explain parents does not have any apparent contribution to the author's biography. So, it needs a lot of work, although what has been done seems to hold considerable promise. As it stands, the writing that is there - which is largely biographical - is written well and has a nice voice and flow. It also shows some very nice insights about the biographical significance of gender in your life and the way that gender has evolved and is connected to larger social forces. These good aspects of the paper will not be enough to support weaker areas of the paper across the finish line. With that in mind, and assuming that your additional biographical material will be consistent with the style and voice and analysis reflected in the paper so far, the areas that you should focus your most attention are the connection to readings (which are fairly sparse throughout) and in the application of those readings in demonstrating causal analysis. These two areas are related in that the more (and more effectively) you bring in course materials, the more that causal analysis will be possible. There is much work to be done in really using the course materials in an effective and thorough way. This will require more elaboration and demonstration of the ways that the readings apply to the biographical examples at hand. Part of this, of course, is more elaboration of the ideas from the readings themselves. You will need to dive in and grapple with the readings ideas much more. Finally, a word about the causal analysis. There are some causal claims in the paper; however, they are not supported by much evidence in the paper's current form. Also, be very wary of attributing causality to ideology or to parental socialization. In both cases, the way that these aspects of your life come to shape who you are require considerable (and cautious) explication. Further, rather than focusing on how the ideology shaped familiar culture/mentality which in turn shaped your reality, begin with your biographical material and use tradition and family culture as explanatory mechanisms, keeping in mind that this is not a biography about parents but about yourself. Finally, proper citation style MUST be included in a final draft. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
DE08A poor poor poor poor ….. ***
E55AC fairly good fairly good / good fairly good / good good This paper has some very good biographical episodes analyzed for their gender identity implications intermixed with descriptions of innocuous circumstances that seem to offer little. For example, the discussion of parental influences seems overly long, given that in the end it has little to say about the author's gender identity. It also appears to suffer from a somewhat romanticized perception of the family, implying that parents had a strong, "traditional" division of labor while being egalitarian and did not experience contradictions or tensions. The example discussed of a diffuse status belief may have it backwards; it seems as if the context is one in which people expect one sex to have superior context relevant skills due to gender stereotypes. The intent to organize the paper around tensions between others' perceptions and self-perceptions is promising, but is pursued unevenly and without apparent resolution. The use of class materials is fairly good but could certainly be stronger. While the draft does seek connections between biography and readings, this should be expanded to more places where additional readings can be brought in to support your claims. Also, be careful about making bold claims without sufficient support from readings. An example of this is the two schemas that attribute to your parents without insufficient consideration of what schemas are or how they operate. This speaks to is a broader issue with the paper overall: a not-quite-there-yet quality with regard to "how and why" social processes (such as socialization) work the way they do. Also, more biographical detail would help showing that some your experiences were gendered as claimed. For example, rather than saying broadly that your classmates only saw you in terms of your gender, try to see if there's a way to give examples that show this to be the case. Finally, the knowledge of the scholarly materials seems good where you use them, but a more sophisticated analysis will engage with more readings, and even consider how the readings relate to each other in some fashion. A small point also: some editing and proofreading will be helpful. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
ED851 fairly good / good good fairly good good / very good This paper combines some vivid biographical description with acute analyses and thoughtful references to scholarly writings. It would become stronger by adopting a clearer theme and imposing a stronger organization over the flow of narrative and argument. The paper would do well to be more wary of making unsubstantiated strong causal interpretations about either specific behaviors or even patterns of behavior. In particular, what we see as an unfortunate effect of a behavior cannot be assumed to be its motivation. Thinking this way about others really mirrors the way others mistakenly interpret the motives of our behaviors. Most of us engage in behavior - both singular acts and repeated ones - that have effects that do not reflect our motives or our desires. Similarly, we want to be wary of interpreting our behavior as reflecting good moral motives while the behavior of others that we dislike shows how they are motivated by bad morals. This biographical analysis, which has a lot going for it so far, also might advance forward considerably if it turned a more critical eye inward. Why don't we see any misfortunes and mistakes? Where and when did some turns in the this development of gender identity go awry? The paper also includes largely descriptive summaries of material from the readings, particularly Kimmel. Rather than descriptions and summaries of the reading material, we are looking for much more synthesis and analysis that tries to grapple with the causal mechanisms - the how and why something happens the way it does (or why it should happen differently). One result of this describing is that it draws away from the biographical material (and therefore the analytical project) for example in the paragraph that begins "This is the primary error of evolutionary psychology..." Also some places more readings could use, for example when talking about Baptist conservatism and again at the end with the anecdote about the invalidation of queer identity through harassment. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments
F6118 poor okay / fairly good Nearing okay / okay fairly good / good This draft seems to be a self-reflection looking for a direction that could turn it into a paper. The tale of self-discovery is mildly interesting, which is actually an accomplishment as the underlying story is rather ordinary. The theme of how one's identity can be formed by the expectations and actions of those around is could be very effective if pushed harder. As now written, it seems ambivalent, pointing out the influences of surroundings, but then trying to backtrack with claims of maintaining an authentic identity against those influences. This certainly can be a real tension and worth examining more directly. Still, what has been written so far suggests shifts in identity mainly responsive to surroundings and this is realistically what happens to most people, although many are unable or unwilling to see this. Obviously, the paper desperately needs connections to scholarly materials. ***
ID Use of Materials Analytical Biography Causal Analysis Quality of Writing Comments




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